The Battle of Philippi in 42 B.C.E. was one of the most decisive and dramatic conflicts in Roman history, marking the final ...

Once in power, however, Augustus Octavian Caesar who claimed only to be “First Citizen” was soon followed by the likes of Caligula and the degeneration of Rome into a cesspool of lawlessness ...

The year after Caesar’s death, in 43 B.C., Octavian, Caesar’s great-nephew and protégé, formed the Second Triumverate with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, a Roman general and statesman, and Mark ...

What Pope Leo XIV decides to do will be interesting in any case, and his decisions (or indecisions) are sure to be parsed by ...

Meanwhile the Roman civil wars raged on, as tempers flared between Mark Antony, Caesar's protégé, and Octavian, Caesar's adopted son. Repeatedly the two men divided the Roman world between them.

Eventually, Octavian, Caesar’s grand-nephew and adopted heir, would rise from the chaos as Augustus, the first emperor of Rome. The republic was forever lost.

Octavian was unthinkable, because he was fighting against her own son’s right as Caesar’s natural heir. Antony would have to do.

Seizing power was Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, who went on to rule Rome for nearly 40 years as the Emperor Augustus. And if you think it's all ancient history, not so fast.

Caesar Augustus reigned for 45 years, in effect governing as a king, though he propagandized throughout the empire his opposition to monarchy and his magnanimous "restoration of the Republic ...